REFERENCE CASE STUDIES

eGroundwater reviewed innovations that can be used to enhance Groundwater Information Systems. Those innovations were scrutinized through a series of 14 reference case studies, based on an analysis of articles and reports and on interviews conducted with stakeholders who tested them in real conditions in Mediterranean countries (Libanon, Tunisia, Morocco, Spain, France) and other countries (Taiwan, China, India, Brazil, South Africa). Innovations described in the reference case studies (and summarized in table below) are related to six main domains:

1. The involvement of citizen and/or groundwater users in the production of groundwater information.
2. The use of innovative data acquisition technologies with IoT including smartphone embedded sensors, smart meters, etc.
3. The use of earth observation technologies to assess water use (remote sensing) or water resources (Grace).
4. The use of Information and Communication Technologies (smartphone application, social network tools) to improve information flow between users and managers
5. New forms of governance and management rules enabled by new information systems.